In addition to Activin, the observed effect of TGF-β on the stemness of lung cancer cells appears to be dependent on chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12), as the upregulation of CXCL12 and its receptor chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7 (CXCR7) is positively correlated with the increase in spheroid-forming potential and CSC marker expression in A549 cells treated with TGF-β. Here, TGFB1 is linked to lung cancer.