VIM and lung carcinoma: In addition to TGF-β, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) secreted by CAFs participate in the control of EMT initiation in lung cancer cells by synergistically inducing ANXA2 expression and phosphorylation in tumor cells with subsequent cadherin switching and stimulation of vimentin expression, cell migration, and invasion [36].