M1 and M2 macrophages stimulate the stemness of human H1299 and mouse D121 lung cancer cells by inducing the expression of the deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific peptidase 17 (USP17), which disrupts the TNFR-associated factor (TRAF)2/TRAF3 complex and thereby inhibits the degradation of its downstream targets NIK, c-Rel, and IRF5, which are involved in the regulation of stemness-related genes [116]. The gene discussed is USP17L9P; the disease is lung carcinoma.