Chronic hyperammonemia increased microglia activation in the hippocampus, which is reflected in a reduction in the perimeter of microglial cells stained with Iba1 (100 ± 8 μm) compared to the control rats (189 ± 8 μm) (p < 0.001) (Figure 4a,c). Here, AIF1 is linked to Hyperammonemia.