TNF and atherosclerosis: Recent evidence revealed that some inflammatory markers are related to atherosclerosis and kidney disease in DM by increasing their expression, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), TNF-α, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and NF-κB [94].