ESR1 and cancer: Figure 2 illustrates the endocrine effects of BPA and the potential health consequences of exposure to this substance in humans and animals. BPA is a compound that mimics estrogen and can bind to estrogen receptors in the body, thereby impacting the synthesis, transportation, and metabolism of natural estrogen. This disruption can lead to reproductive dysfunction, developmental abnormalities, immune and nervous system disorders, malignant tumors, and even cancer [19].