CSF1 and neoplasm: M-CSF functions as a cytokine that facilitates the polarization of macrophages towards the M2, tumor-promoting phenotype in the TME, which has been associated with the secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules like IL-10 and TGFβ1, the release of VEGF, and the production of enzymes implicated in the suppression of adaptive immunity such as indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and arginase- 1 [78,79,80,81].