PD-L1 expression in AML LSCs is hypothesized to be due to (1) oncogenic mutations in key proteins that are part of the JAK-STAT and MYC pathway signaling cascades in LSCs and (2) cytokine production from AML cells leading to cytokine-induced expression of PD-L1 [114,115,116]. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.