A total of 14 cell populations were identified in the dental pulp with normal and enamel caries: OMD+ odontoblasts (ODBs), early ODBs, ALPL+ ODBs, DMP1+ ODBs, macrophages, pericytes, T cells, plasma cells, endothelial cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), NK cells, glial cells, Schwann cells, and CD16+ monocytes. Here, ALPL is linked to enamel caries.