MuRF1 and atrogin-1 are upregulated in atrophied skeletal muscles in numerous kinds of animal models with diabetes, cancer, renal failure, immobilization, and denervation [40,41,42], indicating that MuRF1 and atrogin-1 could be molecular targets for pharmacological intervention to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy. The gene discussed is FBXO32; the disease is kidney failure.