ESR1 and malignant colon neoplasm: When oestrogen binds to ERα in the cytosol, the hormone receptor complex dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus where it interacts with specific DNA sequences, oestrogen response elements (ERE), or non-ERE transcription factors, such as c-Jun and c-Fos of the activating protein-1 complex (AP-1), and transcription factor specificity protein 1 (SP1) and NFκB, which extend E2–ERα cell proliferation and proinflammatory actions in colon cancer cells [101].