TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Scientific studies have shown that increased pro-inflammatory biomarkers, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), were associated with T2DM [1,2].