This role of autophagy in acting as an escape pathway in ALL cells treated with vincristine, which results in cell death when blocked by FMD, is in agreement with our recent study in which ER+ breast cancer cells treated with estrogen signaling and cdk4/6 inhibitors were killed by the effect of fasting/FMD cycles in blocking an escape based on insulin, leptin and IGF-1 signaling [36]. Here, LEP is linked to breast cancer.