Upregulation of specific genes expressing Wnt ligands, such as Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2), Wnt2, Wnt5a, Wnt7a, or Wnt-1-induced secreted protein 1 (Wisp-1), leads to the transformation of normal fibroblasts into CAFs within the tumour stroma in various cancers, including colorectal, gastric, breast, and head and neck carcinomas. Here, CCN4 is linked to cancer.