Given that the AP-1 complex is extensively implicated in almost all physiological and pathological processes [41], inhibition of AP-1 by T5224 has been demonstrated to exhibit broad therapeutic effects in various disease models, including lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury [42], endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury [43], as well as intervertebral disc degeneration [44]. This evidence concerns the gene JUN and acute kidney injury.