AKT1 and malignant colon neoplasm: Our findings indicated a reduction in the levels of phosphorylated AKT and ERK (p-AKT, p-ERK) in CRC cells following treatment with COS, as depicted in Figure 4A. Because we used colon cancer cells in this paper, it may be that COS treatment downregulates AKT and ERK signaling through the regulation of PD-L1 expression, as is described in previous publications on CRC.