CD44 and cholangiocarcinoma: Recently, it was reported that chitinase 3-like 1 (Chi3l1) binds to CD44 and induces the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser552 by Akt in glioblastomas [28] and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in cholangiocarcinomas [29], leading to its nuclear translocation.