BDNF and Cognitive impairment: Scopolamine is a muscarinic cholinergic receptor (mACh Rs) antagonist, which causes memory and cognitive deficits (impairments) elicited by dysfunction of the brain cholinergic system, unfavorable changes in the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems, increased oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defense, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and reduced BDNF-CREB signaling, pathological changes found in AD as well [4,5,6,7,8,9,107,108].