Nevertheless, two investigations have reported comparable PON1 activity levels in specific subpopulations: one involved 40 Turkish, predominantly female, non-diabetic patients with both obesity and metabolic syndrome [33], and the other included 40 Taiwanese, non-diabetic men with obesity and metabolic syndrome [44], compared to their respective control groups. The gene discussed is PON1; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.