In response to C. difficile toxins and their associated damage, intestinal epithelial cells, and innate immune cells in the lamina propria release proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-12, IL-6, IL-23, IL-1β, etc.)and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5), leading to the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection [35,36,37,38]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.