ESR1 and cancer: Yu et al. showed that BPA (10−6–10 μM) treatment could accelerate the transition of human uterine leiomyoma (ht-UtLM) cells from the G1 to the S phase, induce the overexpression of SOS1 and Grb2d proteins mediated by the MAPKp44/42/ERK1/2 pathway, and upregulate ERα36; and ERα36, a splicing variant of ER, was confirmed to be involved in various crosstalk pathways such as cancer activation and metastasis as an estrogen responsive receptor [163].