ZC3HAV1 and infection: According to Zhu et al. (2011) [55], both ZAP isoforms limit vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped HIV-1 vector NL4-3-luc infection through RNA degradation mediated by the recruitment of PARN deadenylase, exosome, and decapping complex through the p72 helicase [55].