When CD1d interacts with CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells, it activates NKT cells, releases cytokines and stimulates adaptive immune responses, and acts as a link between the innate and adaptive immune responses, whereas during infection, HPV6 or 16 expression of CD1d is downregulated by the influence of E5 protein by the immune escape mechanism [135]. This evidence concerns the gene CD1D and infection.