Many studies have indicated that tumour cells can evade the anti-tumour responses of T cells and that programmed cell death (PD)-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab inhibit programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)-mediated signalling by blocking its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) [3]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.