A cerebrovascular pathology partly involving altered signaling or increased levels of the cytokine transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) has been associated with various types of dementias, including the two most frequent forms, namely Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) [6,7,8,9,10]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.