CXCL1 and necrotizing enterocolitis: Butyrate treatment attenuated NEC-induced TLR-mediated inflammation, which was evident by a decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), cytokines C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (Cxcl1), and proinflammatory cellular adhesion molecule ICAM1 either at the protein or at the mRNA level (Figure 4).