For instance, CCL2 has the capability to recruit M2-type macrophages into tumor tissues (8), thereby inhibiting the effector function and antitumor effects of CD8+ T cells (40), which is detrimental to the survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients (41); CD103 promotes the localization and retention of CD8+ T cells in tumor tissues (15) through binding to E-calmodulin (16) and also modulates the CD8+ T cell response to anti-tumor immunotherapy (17). Here, ITGAE is linked to neoplasm.