TNF and autoimmune hepatitis: Known external factors that can lead to elevated anti-dsDNA titers include drugs, such as selected antiarrhythmics (e.g. procainamide), antihypertensives (e.g. hydralazine), TNF-α inhibitors and sulfasalazine, inter alia (48), but also viral infections (e.g. Epstein–Barr virus infection) (49) and concomitant diseases like autoimmune hepatitis (50).