DAMPs mainly include calreticulin (CALR), heat shock proteins 70/90 (HSP70/90), ATP, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) nuclear protein, type I interferons (IFNs) and members of the IL-1 cytokine family, etc. In addition, ROS produced by PDT can destroy tumour blood vessels, limit tumour nutrient supply, and stimulate antitumour immune responses (262). The gene discussed is CALR; the disease is neoplasm.