DAMPs mainly include calreticulin (CALR), heat shock proteins 70/90 (HSP70/90), ATP, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) nuclear protein, type I interferons (IFNs) and members of the IL-1 cytokine family, etc. In addition, ROS produced by PDT can destroy tumour blood vessels, limit tumour nutrient supply, and stimulate antitumour immune responses (262). This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and neoplasm.