REN and endothelial dysfunction: Angiotensin II (Ang II) not only induces endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory response by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), but also participates in regulating the gene expression, activating intracellular signaling pathways, and remodeling the extracellular matrix.[35] A previous study reported that increased levels of renin, prorenin, and Ang II were found in eyes with DR.[36] The rs2596560 SNP used in the current MR analyses was found to be associated with adrenocortical complications (P = 2.00 × 10-9) and diabetes (P = 1.50 × 10-9).