INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: [53] A previous T1D study reported that gut microbiota affected PPG; a prediction model incorporated gut microbiota characteristics can predict PPGR in T1D patients, except for the effects of carbohydrate content, and the proportion of carbohydrate to fat on PPG.[54,55] Shilo et al. enrolled 121 T1D patients, measured 6377 PPG data points, and designed a prediction model, which integrated blood glucose levels, insulin doses, dietary habits, and gut microbiota to accurately predict PPGR and provide T1D patients with optimal meal insulin doses.[56]