SOX2 and cancer: It was reported that PGCCs acquire the properties of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), supported by their enhanced tumor-initiating capability and up-regulation of relevant biomarkers, including octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (OCT4), NANOG, sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), aldehyde dehydrogenase-1A (ALDH1A), CD44, and CD13321–23.