TGFB1 and breast cancer: Foxc1 acts as a DNA-binding transcription factor245,246 involved in EMT induction, mediating the metastasis and transformation of invasive CTCs.247,248 Single-cell profiling of CTCs in breast cancer shows that metastasis-related gene expression synergistically elevates VIM, TGF-β, and Foxc1, which maintain EMT induction.249 In Bin Xiong’s study,250 CD163+ TAMs infiltrated in a premetastatic microenvironment were positively associated with the mesenchymal CTC ratio.