Studies suggest that WWP1 promotes cell growth and proliferation in various cancer types (Fig. 5A), including breast cancer [41, 106–108], prostate cancer [40], hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [109, 110], oral cancer [111], gastric cancer [110, 112], colorectal cancer (CRC) [113, 114], osteosarcoma [115], papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) [116], cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) [117], intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) [118] and AML [119]. Here, WWP1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.