WWP1 and viral infectious disease: I3C, a natural small molecule inhibitor of WWP1, can inhibit viral egression and exert potent antiviral activity against viral infections such as COVID-19 [33] etc. The use of hydrogels containing siRNA against WWP1, complexed with nanoparticle (NP), at the site of murine mid-diaphyseal femur fractures, can enhance bone formation and mechanical strength [148] and represents a potential therapeutic approach for this condition.