GCG and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1R (GLP-1R) agonist used in T2DM treatment, has been shown to mitigate hepatic inflammation by inhibiting circulating macrophage markers and TNF-α, while A. muciniphila secretes glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) to participate in blood glucose regulation (Somm et al., 2021).