TLR4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Notably, E. coli-related LPS drains through the portal vein and arrives in the liver through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, driving the transition of hepatic macrophages from the M1 to M2 state in patients and animal models with NAFLD and ultimately aggravating liver injury (Carpino et al., 2020).