INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In addition, T2DM and AD have many pathological mechanisms in common caused by insulin resistance (Janson et al., 2004), such as metabolic syndrome (Więckowska-Gacek et al., 2021), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) (Byun et al., 2017), insulin signal transduction disorder (De Felice et al., 2022), etc. Therefore, some researchers believe that AD is a late complication with the development of T2DM, which can even be called type 3 diabetes (de la Monte et al., 2018; Nguyen et al., 2020).