INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Researchers believe that another main reason why AD should be called type 3 diabetes is that T2DM and AD have many common pathophysiological bases, such as central insulin resistance (Janson et al., 2004; De Felice et al., 2022), AGEs and metabolic syndrome (Byun et al., 2017; Więckowska-Gacek et al., 2021).