The pro-cancer and anti-cancer effects of CXCL13-CXCR5 axis on NSCLC still remain to be studied (29), and some scholars have pointed out that it is a poor prognostic factor for immunotherapy because of the presence of PD-1 on the surface of CXCL13+ T cells and CXCR5+ T cells (30). Here, CXCR5 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.