INS and diabetes mellitus: After fully adjusting for covariates, including sex, age of DM onset, duration of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, using of lipid-lowering drugs, smoking, insulin treatment, HF, baseline eGFR, MAP, BMI, anemia, urinary protein, and serum ALB, a positive relationship was found between five types of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, and SO2) and the risk of ESRD, while O3 showed no significant association (Fig. 4).