Although our study included clinically stable patients (not presenting with overt volume overload status, or dyspnea due to heart failure), while performing UCG, patients with reduced LVEF may have demonstrated a constant hypervolemic status because the patients with reduced LVEF showed a higher cardiothoracic ratio on chest radiography, BNP, IVC, and lower IVCC, which are considered surrogate findings for fluid overload status43. Here, NPPB is linked to heart failure.