ENPP1 and cancer: While we previously identified ENPP1 as a cGAMP hydrolase, there has been significant debate as to whether its ability to deplete cGAMP and thereby dampen STING signaling is central to its pro-tumorigenic effects, as ENPP1 has other enzymatic activities toward ATP and other nucleotide triphosphates but also generates eADO—a cancer-associated metabolite—as a byproduct of its cGAMP hydrolase activity.