TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: For example, advances in optogenetic tools have enabledresearchers to induce and visualize TDP-43 oligomerization dynamicallyin vitro and in vivo.18,19 In another chemogenetic method,the dimerization domain of a second protein is adopted as the clusteringmodule in TDP-43 NTD, and homodimerization can be induced by a small-moleculeligand; as a result, TDP-43 NTD dimerization/oligomerization can beselectively induced.20 Through these toolsand methods, researchers investigated the mechanisms underlying theLLPS, oligomerization and cytoplasmic mislocalization and aggregationof TDP-43 in ALS.