TNF and Crohn disease: In their study of inflammatory bowel diseases in humans, the researchers found that the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β were, respectively, upregulated 2.266, 0.962, and 3.468 fold, in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis compared to healthy individuals (Leppkes and Neurath, 2020).