Importantly, VSC-CDs demonstrated a mitigating effect on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, as evidenced by the reduction in inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), elevation in antioxidant levels (SOD and GSH), and a decrease in lipid metabolites (MDA) to counteract oxidative stress damage. The gene discussed is SOD1; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.