By contrast, eight exposures to ES alone in undisrupted rats caused many fewer changes, increasing only four genes (Nos3, Adra1d, Tnf and Kcnh2) and decreasing expression of the cytoskeletal gene Actc1 and the orexin-B receptor Hcrtr2, which is involved in sleep-wake regulation and has been demonstrated to be cardioprotective against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats (102). This evidence concerns the gene ADRA1D and ischemia reperfusion injury.