The studies that showed no significant difference in the prevalence of viruses in CRS patient include that by Divekar et al. where they detected no difference of prevalence of RV and enterovirus (EV) between CRS patients and controls, but detected a significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-5, VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor), GM-CSF (Granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor) and eosinophilic major basic protein (EMBP) in CRSwNP patients (27). Here, VEGFA is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.