IFNB1 and congenital rubella syndrome: Lee et al. found that in CRS subjects, air liquid interface (ALI) culture of cells obtained from ethmoidal sinus did not show any significant difference in the levels of IFN-β or IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) like viperin vs. controls after RV-16 infection, which was in contrast to findings of above mentioned studies and denies role of compromised anti-viral IFN response in virus mediated pathogenesis of CRS (30).