Additionally, branched-chain amino acids have emerged as harmful microbial-regulated metabolites that can influence insulin sensitivity.[53] Previous study[34] using murine models simulating PCOS pathology found that both obesity and long-term high-fat diets result in varying degrees of IR, presumably via branched-chain amino acid-mediated alterations in glucose metabolism or the induction of inflammation. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.