INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Agonism of GPCR119 triggers GLP-1 secretion, augments pancreatic β cell functionality, and enhances insulin production, thereby ameliorating hyperglycemia.[52] The SCFA deficiency noted in PCOS patients thus exerts a detrimental impact on metabolic homeostasis through its influence on carbohydrate metabolism, pro-inflammatory effects, and obesity etiology.