CD163 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: CD80, and CD163 are markers for M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively, whereas CD68 is a general macrophage marker.[24] The CD163/CD68 ratio is used to assess M2 polarization and M2 polarization of macrophages in tumors has been linked to metastatic disease and poor prognosis.[25,26] As shown in Figure 7A, inflammatory studies related to HNSCC, the role of TAMs in the invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression of HNSCC, and treatments targeting TAMs have been widely studied.