With the improvement of public awareness on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and physical examinations, an increasing number of patients have received radical local treatment, but 30% to 40% of the PSA patients still experienced biochemical recurrence after local treatment or metastasis.[99,100] Early detection of biochemical recurrence is important for the management and treatment of patients with PCa. Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.