TLR4 and necrotizing enterocolitis: A recent study indicated that human breast milk derived exosomes alleviate NEC associated intestinal injury and NEC ileal inflammation by reducing the NEC scores, restoring the number of damaged ileal crypts, and also inhibit the inflammatory responses of IECs [96], in addition, the human breast milk-derived exosomes prevent the development of NEC by reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and TLR4, as well as protecting the intestinal tract from epithelial inflammatory damage induced by LPS [158].