High levels of miR-27b in buffalo milk-derived exosomes exert their anti-CRC activity in vitro through the promotion of apoptosis of CRC cells, and increasing the accumulation of lysosome and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as aggravating the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated CRC cell death via protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)/inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and CHOP protein pathways [175]. Here, XBP1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.