Gastric co-administration of subthreshold dose of lectins and paraquat can induce a range of PD-like neurodegenerative processes and pathological changes, including misfolded α-synuclein in the dorsal motor nucleus and substantia nigra, a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and Parkinson-related behavioural deficits that are responsive to L-DOPA therapy74. This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.