During infection, several virus-derived molecular constituents activate the host NF-κB signaling pathway, including glycoproteins recognized by TLR2 on the cell membrane, viral DNA recognized by TLR9-dependent or non-TLR DNA sensors, and dsRNA and ssRNA recognized by TLR3, TLR7/836,37 and the non-TLR RNA sensors. This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and infection.