Indeed, immunohistochemistry of brain slices from patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD) provided evidence for both NEMO and M1-linked ubiquitin chains co-localizing at aggregates formed by α-synuclein, tau, or TDP-43 (Fig. 1c, d). This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.